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This report comprises the final results of the archaeological excavation of one of the Sites within AR31, in the townland of Earlsrath, Co Kilkenny. Work was undertaken as part of the archaeological mitigation programme for the proposed N9/N10 Waterford to Kilcullen Scheme. The excavation was conducted by Liam McKinstry, under Ministerial Direction No. A032/000, Registration No E3005, for Valerie J Keeley Ltd, from Monday the 26th of June to Thursday the 1st of September, 2006. AR031 / E3005 consisted of two large rectangular Structures, 1 and 2, which were cut by a large boundary/enclosure ditch with a V-shaped profile. Both of the structures had an approximate northeast-southwest orientation and the large ditch curved from the southeast around and towards the south western part of the site. Structure 1, which measured 11.50m by 7.80m, had been constructed using deep stone filled foundation trenches and postholes. All of the evidence recovered from the structure including ritually deposited lithics such as polished stone axe and more domestic items such as sherds of carinated bowls confirmed that it was of an early Neolithic date. Structure 2, though larger in size and measuring 13.10m by 7m, was constructed with much shallower foundation trenches and pits/postholes which were more easily disturbed. This led to several later radiocarbon dates and finds from the later Neolithic and postmedieval periods being recovered from the structure, though it does seem probable that the structure was still contemporary with Structure 1 due to its similar shape, size and orientation. The earliest date from Structure 2 was recovered from its deeper more secure north western foundation trench and this would suggest that it was of early Neolithic date. Later Iron Age activities were also identified to the northeast of Structure 2 in the form of a small pit which contained charcoal, possibly indicating some industrial activities. The V shaped boundary/enclosure ditch was dated to the early medieval period and may have been associated with a possible ringfort or enclosure hinted at by a curving/subcircular field boundary surrounding the Earlsrath farm buildings which were located to the west of the site. The final phases of the site at Earlsrath consist of intrusive post-medieval material, particularly within the upper fills of the V shaped ditch and in the shallower parts of Structure 2. This phase was most likely caused by the construction of the farm buildings at Earlsrath in the 18th/19th century. NOTE: THE GRID REFERENCES IN THE FINAL REPORT PROVED INCORRECT. THE CORRECT GRID REFERENCES ARE INCLUDED IN THE METADATA.